VAYAKHEL_EXODUS XXXV:1-XXXVIII:20 – PEKUDE’I_EXODUS XXXVIII:21-XL:38

When did the Hebrew people receive the order to build the Mishkan, the Tabernacle that would accompany them during the desert journey? According to Rashi and most commentators, the Mishkan was a response to the worship of the Egel Hazahav, the “Golden Calf” that the Hebrews manufactured as a substitute for Moshe, who took longer than anticipated to return from Mount Sinai. According to Ramban, the construction of the Mishkan is related to the revelation at Mount Sinai. The Kodesh HaKodashim is the holiest place in this enclosure because it contains the Ark that kept the two Tablets of the Law where the Ten Commandments were engraved.

In assuming the idea of Rashi, one must think that the Mizbeach, the altar on which the offerings were made, was the central place of the Mishkan because its function was to obtain Divine forgiveness for transgressions. This idea follows from the fact that the sin related to the “Golden Calf” was the apparent motive for constructing this House of God. 

Ramban points out that the Tora repeats the order to construct the Mishkan. The first time, as we mentioned, preceded the episode of the “Golden Calf” and its purpose related to the Law that the Hebrews received at Sinai. This instruction is repeated in the Tora to point out that God had forgiven the transgression of the Hebrew people after the sin of Egel Hazahav. Moreover, the Mishkan will also serve to obtain forgiveness in the future.

For Ramban, however, the Mishkan was not only an answer to the problem of sin. The Mishkan allowed experience the moment of revelation again in Sinai when the Hebrew people contracted a Brit and made a covenant with God. On the other hand, the Tora precedes Sinai because, in Egypt, the Hebrews had already received specific instructions regarding the counting of the months, that is, about how to value the time that will be consecrated, especially with the weekly celebration of Shabbat, the day of rest, which also precedes the revelation in Sinai. Otherwise, the formulation Zachor et Yom HaShabbat lekadsho, “Remember to keep Shabbat day holy,” would not be correct. 

At Mara, the Hebrews had been instructed with reference to Shabbat and several additional laws. In other words, the legal content of the Tora was progressively revealed during the desert journey. The Mishkan was the place chosen for this continuous teaching of the Law contained in the Tora. Following Ramban’s thought, the Mishkan was a continuation of Sinai because God communicated there with Moshe, who transmitted His Will to the Hebrew people. Just as the synagogue became a Mikdash Me’at, a “little House of God” that accompanied the Jewish people in the Diaspora after the destruction of Yerushalayim’s Beit HaMikdash, similarly, the Mishkan represented Mount Sinai.

According to Benno Jacob, the Divine revelation at Mount Sinai was a preparation for God’s “continued presence” in the Mishkan, in the middle of the Hebrew camp in the wilderness. The Mishkan was a kind of itinerant Mount Sinai. This idea is accentuated by the Kodesh HaKodashim, the holiest site in this enclosure, containing the Two Tablets of the Law received at Mount Sinai.

The book of Shemot can be divided into three parts. The first section recounts the events in Egypt, the period of slavery that culminated in the exodus. The second part narrates the events leading up to Mount Sinai and the bestowal of the Tora. The third section concerns the construction of the Mishkan and the consecration of the Kohanim with their special garments, the theme of our chapters.

MITZVAH: TORA ORDINANCE IN THIS PARSHA

CONTAINS ONE PROHIBITION

114 Exodus 35:3 A court shall not carry out capital punishment on Shabbat.

THE CONCLUSION OF THE BOOK SHEMOT

PEKUDE’I_EXODUS XXXVIII:21-XL:38

With these chapters, we conclude Shemot, the second book of the Tora, which can be divided into three parts. The first section recounts the details of Egyptian serfdom and highlights the leadership of Moshe, who manages to convince Pharaoh to allow the Hebrew people to leave Egypt. Pharaoh finally acceded to Moshe’s request because God sent ten plagues that caused great suffering to the Egyptians. Only when the plague affected the house of the Pharaoh – as was the case with the last, the death of all the Egyptian firstborns – was it possible to bend the monarch’s will. A decision that was later altered because Pharaoh sent his soldiers and chariots to chase the Hebrews through the desert, but these hordes were defeated when they drowned in the Red Sea.

The second part of Shemot refers to the Divine revelation at Mount Sinai. The third describes the construction of the Mishkan with detailed information about the elements that made up this structure. Although the importance of biblical accounts and instructions should not be hierarchized, the event at Sinai, the revelation of God’s Will, looks like the central episode at first glance. However, it can be argued that the revelation was not confined to Sinai. 

Even though in Egypt, the Hebrews received basic instruction about the importance of time in the chapter commanding Hachodesh haze lachem rosh chodashim, “this month shall be for you the first of the months,” a reference to Nisan, the month of the exodus. At the same time, the people were instructed to choose the sheep to be sacrificed as Korban Pesach, the Passover sacrifice, a fact that was to be consummated on the 14th of that month. Therefore, the Tora designates that day as Passover, while the holiday that we usually call Passover is usually called Chag HaMatsot. It should be noted that the Korban Pesach had to be offered on the evening of the 14th of Nisan and, since at present we lack the Beit HaMikdash and no offerings are made, some Chassidim insist on baking the Matsa for the Seder in the afternoon of that same day, because the Matsa stands out and can take the place of the Korban as a Mitsva in the absence of Beit HaMikdash.

The Tora also regulates the gathering of manna in the wilderness and commands the observance of Shabbat, all before the revelation at Sinai. So, the expression Zachor et Yom HaShabat, the fourth of the Ten Commandments that commands weekly rest on the seventh day, properly uses the word Zachor, “remember,” because the Laws of Shabbat had already been promulgated beforehand.

After the event in Sinai, the Mishkan served as the venue for enacting additional laws that were not revealed to Moshe at Mount Sinai. Why is revelation distinguished at Sinai if other places also served that purpose? Menachem Ben-Yashar suggests that the public nature of this revelation sets it apart from the others. While in the Mishkan, Moshe received direct and personal Divine instruction, in Sinai, all the people witnessed it, which gave it additional validity and allowed all the people to have a prophetic experience. 

Moreover, the bulk of the laws were revealed at Sinai. So, the Mishkan was not only the “residence” of God during the journey through the desert and in the following centuries until the construction of the Beit HaMikdash, but it was also Ohel Mo’ed, the place of the encounter between Moshe and God, site in which he was instructed about a large number of Mitzvot. 

KI TISÁ_ÉXODO XXX:11-XXXIV:35

Uno de los episodios centrales de estos capítulos es la elaboración del Éguel Hazahav, el becerro de oro que debía sustituir a Moshé cuando se asumió su fallecimiento. Este hecho produjo la ira de Dios, quien ordenó a Moshé que descendiera del monte Sinaí para apreciar personalmente lo ocurrido. Después de destruir el ídolo y castigar a los culpables, Moshé implora el perdón Divino, ofreciendo su propia vida, si fuese necesario, como condición para mitigar el desengaño de Dios debido al comportamiento desleal del pueblo hebreo. Recibido el perdón Divino, Moshé asciende nuevamente al Sinaí, esculpe los Diez Mandamientos sobre dos tablas de piedra, a diferencia de las primeras tablas, que fueron elaboradas y grabadas por Dios. 

El Midrash relata dos versiones diferentes acerca de la reacción de los hebreos. De acuerdo con la primera versión, el pueblo exclamó la célebre frase Naasé venishmá, “cumpliremos y entenderemos”, con la cual señalaron su disposición de acatar la palabra de Dios que, después de la acción cumplida, comprenderían con mayor profundidad. Una segunda versión relata que Dios levantó el monte Sinaí y lo colocó sobre las cabezas de los hebreos y exclamó: “O aceptan Mi Ley o dejo caer la montaña encima de ustedes”. Frente a esta situación, los hebreos no tuvieron otra opción que aceptar la palabra de Dios.

Aparentemente, el pueblo estuvo dispuesto a aceptar laTorá shebijetav, la Torá Escrita desde el primer momento, tal como lo atestigua la expresión Naasé venishmá. La renuencia de los hebreos, simbolizada por el monte Sinaí encima de sus cabezas, se refirió a la Torá shebealpé, la Torá Oral que añade un sinnúmero de restricciones adicionales a las contenidas en el texto escrito. En efecto, los primeros siglos después de la conquista de la Tierra Prometida y el período del primer Beit HaMikdash dan testimonio de las desviaciones del pueblo hebreo de los principios de la Torá Oral. 

¿Por qué fue destruida esta Casa de Dios? De acuerdo con el Talmud, la destrucción se produjo debido a la presencia de cultos ajenos al monoteísmo, incluso dentro del recinto sagrado. La falta del compromiso con la Torá Oral permitió que se impusieran influencias idólatras en el seno del pueblo. 

La importancia de los eventos que condujeron a la celebración de Purim, que de acuerdo con el calendario hebreo coincide usualmente con la época del año cuando se leen estos capítulos de la Torá, incluye, en primer lugar, la salvación del pueblo de los designios de Hamán. Sin embargo, debe destacarse la decisión del colectivo reflejada en la expresión “Kiyemú vekibelú” de Meguilat Ester, la disposición de renovar el pacto entre el pueblo y Dios, la firme aceptación del pueblo hebreo de las disposiciones de la Torá Oral. 

Los sucesos de Purim preceden la reconstrucción del segundo Beit HaMikdash que se distinguió por la profundización del ideal monoteísta en el seno del pueblo. ¿Por qué fue destruido el segundo Beit HaMikdash? Esta vez, el problema no se centró en la relación entre el hombre y Dios, la idolatría había sido exitosamente desterrada. La relación del hombre con su prójimo fue el motivo de la tragedia nacional. La envidia y la codicia, la enemistad gratuita entre los hombres causó la destrucción del Beit HaMikdash, evento que fue el preludio al exilio de milenios de la Tierra Prometida. Aparentemente era más fácil cumplir con los preceptos Bein Adam laMakom, el afianzamiento de la responsabilidad ante el Creador. El respeto mutuo, la lealtad y la solidaridad con el prójimo, Bein Adam laJaveró, resultaron ser el reto mayor. 

Desde cierto punto de vista, el propósito de la creación del ser humano fue introducir el ingrediente de santidad en el mundo, hecho que apunta hacia una relación más cercana con el Creador. Pero al mismo tiempo, está la opinión de que la intención de las Mitsvot es la creación de sentimientos de nobleza y lealtad en la relación con otros seres humanos.

MITSVÁ: ORDENANZA DE LA TORÁ EN ESTA PARASHÁ

CONTIENE 4 MITSVOT POSITIVAS Y 5 PROHIBICIONES

1. Éxodo 30:13 Dar anualmente la mitad de un shékel (moneda)
2. Éxodo 30:19-20 Lavarse las manos y los pies cuando sirviendo en el Templo
3. Éxodo 30:25 Elaborar aceite para unción

108 Éxodo 30:32 La persona que no está autorizada no debe derramar sobre sí aceite de unción

109 Éxodo 30:32 No elaborar aceite de unción que no ha sido autorizado de acuerdo con la fórmula

1. Éxodo 30:37 No elaborar incienso que no ha sido autorizado de acuerdo con la fórmula
2. Éxodo 34: 12,15 Ni comer ni beber de la ofrenda para un ídolo
3. Éxodo 34:21 Permitir que la tierra descanse en el año de Shemitá (séptimo año)
4. Éxodo 34:25 No comer carne y leche que han sido cocinados juntos

KI TISA_EXODUS XXX:11-XXXIV:35

One of the central episodes of these chapters is the elaboration of the Egel Hazahav, the golden calf that was to replace Moshe when his death was assumed. This produced the wrath of God, who commanded Moshe to descend from Mount Sinai to appreciate what had happened personally. After destroying the idol and punishing the guilty, Moshe implores Divine forgiveness, offering his own life, if necessary, as a condition for assuaging God’s disappointment due to the disloyal behavior of the Hebrew people. Having received Divine forgiveness, Moshe ascends again to Sinai, sculpting himself the Ten Commandments on two tablets of stone, unlike the first tablets, which were made and engraved by God. 

The Midrash relates two different versions of the reaction of the Hebrews. According to the first version, the people exclaimed the famous phrase Na’ase venishma, “we will fulfill and understand,” indicating their willingness to abide by the word of God, which they would understand more deeply after accomplishing the action itself. A second version relates that God lifted Mount Sinai, placed it on the heads of the Hebrews, and exclaimed, “Either accept My Law or I let the mountain fall upon you.” Faced with this situation, the Hebrews had no choice but to accept God’s word.

The people were willing to accept the Tora Shebichetav, the Written Tora, from the first moment, as attested by the expression Na’ase venishma. The reluctance of the Hebrews, symbolized by Mount Sinai above their heads, referred to the Tora Shebe’alpe, the Oral Tora that adds countless additional restrictions to those contained in the written text. Indeed, the first centuries after the conquest of the Promised Land and the period of the first Beit HaMikdash testify to the deviations of the Hebrew people from the principles of the Oral Tora. 

Why was this House of God destroyed? According to the Talmud, the destruction occurred due to cults outside monotheism, even within the sacred precinct. The lack of commitment to the Oral Tora allowed idolatrous influences to be imposed on the people. 

The significance of the events leading up to the celebration of Purim, which according to the Hebrew calendar, usually coincides with the time of year when these chapters of the Tora are read, includes the salvation of the people from Haman’s designs. However, the decision of the collective reflected in the expression “Kiyemu vekibelu” of Megilat Esther manifests the willingness to renew the covenant between the people and God. This firm acceptance of the Hebrew people of the provisions of the Oral Tora came probably because of their recognition that assimilation did not ensure their lives. 

The events of Purim precede the reconstruction of the Second Beit HaMikdash, distinguished by the deepening of the monotheistic ideal within the people. Why was the Second Beit HaMikdash destroyed? This time, the problem did not center on the relationship between man and God; idolatry had been successfully banished. Man’s relationship with his fellow man was the reason for the national tragedy. Envy and greed, gratuitous enmity between men caused the destruction of the Beit HaMikdash, an event that was the prelude to the exile of millennia from the Promised Land. It was easier to fulfill the precepts of Bein Adam laMakom, strengthening responsibility before the Creator. Mutual respect, loyalty, and solidarity with others, Bein Adam laChavero, was the more significant challenge. 

From a certain point of view, the purpose of man’s creation was to introduce the ingredient of holiness into the world, which points to a closer relationship with the Creator. But at the same time, there is the view that the intention of the Mitsvot is the creation of feelings of nobility and loyalty in the relationship with other human beings.

MITSVA: TORA ORDINANCE IN THIS PARSHA

CONTAINS 4 POSITIVE MITZVOT AND 5 PROHIBITIONS

1. Exodus 30:13 Give annually half a shekel (coin)
2. Exodus 30:19-20 Wash hands and feet while serving in the Temple.
3. Exodus 30:25 Making anointing oil.

108 Exodus 30:32 The person who is not authorized should not pour anointing oil upon himself.

109 Exodus 30:32 Do not produce anointing oil that has not been authorized according to the established formula.

1. Exodus 30:37 Do not make incense that has not been authorized according to the established formula.
2. Exodus 34:12,15 Neither eating nor drinking from the offering for an idol.
3. Exodus 34:21 Allow the earth to rest in the year of Shemita (seventh year).
4. Exodus 34:25 Do not eat meat and milk that have been cooked together.

TETSAVÉ_ÉXODO XXVII:20-XXX:10

Los capítulos anteriores describieron cuáles fueron los materiales necesarios para la construcción del Mishkán y la elaboración de los elementos que serían ubicados y utilizados en su interior. Ahora, la Torá enumera las diferentes vestimentas que portarán Aharón, el Kohén Gadol, y los otros Kohanim durante el ejercicio de sus funciones dentro del Mishkán. Aunque las cualidades interiores de la persona son determinantes, el texto sagrado hace hincapié en la ropa externa, tal vez como el símbolo de la autoridad que representa. Incluso, en la actualidad, el uniforme del policía es su distintivo, mientras que la corona y el cetro son el símbolo de la autoridad de un monarca. 

La narrativa bíblica menciona que Dios hizo vestimentas para la primera pareja después de que comieran el fruto del árbol prohibido. Se puede asumir que, inicialmente, el ser humano poseía características intrínsecas, intelectuales y espirituales, que lo diferenciaban del resto de las criaturas. Pero, después de desobedecer el único instructivo Divino que había recibido, el ser humano demostró la fragilidad de su intelecto y, por ello requería un distintivo superficial que lo separara del mundo animal. En efecto, el hombre es la única criatura que utiliza ropa externa. 

La diferenciación original que consistió probablemente en la capacidad humana de concebir a Dios como el Creador del universo, le impuso una conducta ética con la cual demostraría su disposición consciente de servir a Dios. Esta diferencia del resto de las criaturas quedó anulada, o al menos minimizada, por la desobediencia de Adam y Javá. El incumplimiento del instructivo Divino forzó la utilización de un símbolo externo para distinguir a la pareja del resto de las criaturas. 

En el caso de Nóaj, el gran sobreviviente del Diluvio también sale a relucir la ropa que debe cubrir el cuerpo humano. Ebrio por haber bebido demasiado vino, Nóaj es visto en su desnudez, o tal vez sodomizado por su hijo Kenaán. Al enterarse de la afrenta, sus otros hijos, Shem y Yéfet, cubren con una sábana el cuerpo del anciano padre. 

En otro episodio bíblico, el distintivo que recibe del padre Yaacov es una túnica de muchos colores que, a su vez, produce el celo de sus hermanos y finalmente conduce a la venta de Yosef, al exilio egipcio de toda la familia. Esta deferencia que recibió es repetida por Yosef después de revelar su identidad a los hermanos que habían acudido a comprar alimentos en Egipto, cuando le entrega 5 nuevos juegos diferentes de ropa real a Binyamín, su hermano de padre y madre. 

Incluso el pueblo tenía la obligación de colocar Tsitsit en las cuatro esquinas de su ropa, elementos que debían recordarles su relación con Dios, la obligación de vivir de acuerdo con los instructivos de las Mitsvot. Debían abstenerse de portar Sha’atnez, vestimentas elaboradas de una combinación de lino y lana y, según una tradición mencionada en el Talmud, cubrir sus cabezas con un gorro, una kipá. Los Tefilín, las filacterias son tal vez el símbolo externo de mayor relevancia, el “ot”, la “señal” que debía recordar al hebreo que el intelecto, el sentimiento y la fuerza física decisiva, deben estar al servicio de Dios. 

La Torá no menciona si Moshé portaba alguna vestimenta especial. Tal vez la espiritualidad que había alcanzado el gran maestro del pueblo hebreo hacía innecesario un elemento externo, porque Moshé fue el Adón Haneviim, el “Señor de todos los Profetas” que había experimentado el mayor acercamiento a Dios. Mientras que otros profetas sentían la presencia de Dios durante el sueño o en una visión imperfecta, Moshé hablaba con Dios panim el panim, “cara a cara”, la imagen literaria que destaca la relación especial que este gran líder mantuvo con la Divinidad. Ki karán or panav, el resplandor de su cara daba testimonio de esta íntima relación con el Creador.

Por lo antedicho, el ropaje especial de los Kohanim continúa con una antigua tradición. Aunque servía para diferenciara los Kohanim del resto del colectivo, tal vez su propósito fundamental era que los Kohanim tomaran conciencia de su vocación, una tarea fundamental que incluía la representación del pueblo durante el servicio de los Korbanot. Aunque en el día más sagrado, Yom Kipur, tenía que implorar por el perdón de sus errores personales, no podía concluir el servicio sin pedir perdón por el colectivo, por Am Israel.

MITSVÁ: ORDENANZA DE LA TORÁ EN ESTA PARASHÁ

CONTIENE 4 MITSVOT POSITIVAS Y 3 PROHIBICIONES

1.  Éxodo 27:20 Preparar las luminarias de la Menorá (candelabro)
2. Éxodo 27:41 Los Kohanim (sacerdotes) deben prendas especiales
3. Éxodo 28:28 No debe separarse el pectoral (Joshen) del delantal (Efod) 
4. Éxodo 28:32 No desgarrar el delantal (Efod)
5. Éxodo 29:33 Comer la carne de la ofrenda de expiación (Jatat) y de la ofrenda de culpa (Asham)
6. Éxodo 30:7 Quemar el incienso
7. Éxodo 30:9 No quemar incienso o ofrendar sacrificios en el Altar de Oro (Mizbéaj Hazahav)

TETSAVE_EXODUS XXVII:20-XXX:10

The previous chapters described the materials necessary for constructing the Mishkan and elaborated on the elements that would be located and used. Now, the Tora lists the garments that Aharon, Kohen Gadol, and the other Kohanim will wear while exercising their functions within the Mishkan. Although the person’s inner qualities are determinant, the sacred text emphasizes outer clothing, perhaps as the symbol of the authority it represents. Even today, the policeman’s uniform is his hallmark, while the crown and scepter symbolize a monarch’s authority. 

The biblical narrative mentions that God made garments for the first couple after they ate the forbidden tree’s fruit. It can be assumed that, initially, the human being possessed intrinsic, intellectual, and spiritual characteristics which differentiated him from the rest of the creatures. But, after disobeying the only Divine instruction he had received, the human being demonstrated the fragility of his intellect and, therefore, required a superficial distinctive that separated him from the animal world. Indeed, man is the only creature who wears outer clothing.

The original differentiation, which probably consisted in the human capacity to conceive of God as the Creator of the universe, imposed on him an ethical conduct with which he would demonstrate his conscious willingness to serve God. This difference from the rest of the creatures was nullified, or at least minimized, by the disobedience of Adam and Chava. Failure to comply with the Divine instruction forced the use of an external symbol to distinguish the couple from the rest of the creatures. 

In the case of Noah, the great survivor of the Flood, covering of the human body plays an important role. Drunk from too much wine, Noah is seen in his nudity or perhaps sodomized by his son Kena’an. Upon learning of the affront, his other sons, Shem and Yefet, cover the old father’s body with a sheet. 

In another biblical episode, the badge Yosef receives from his father Yaacov is a robe of many colors that, in turn, produces the jealousy of his brothers and eventually leads to his sale to the Egyptians and the exile of the whole family. He repeats this deference Yosef received from Yaacov after revealing his identity to the brothers who had come to buy food in Egypt when he delivers five new sets of royal clothing to Binyamin, his brother of father and mother. 

The people had an obligation to place Tsitsit in the four corners of their clothes, elements that should remind them of their relationship with God, and the obligation to live according to the instructions of the Mitzvot. They were to refrain from wearing Sha’atnez, clothing made of a combination of linen and wool, and, according to a tradition mentioned in the Talmud, cover their heads with a cap and a kippa. The Tefillin, the phylacteries, are perhaps the external symbol of greater relevance, the “ot,” the “sign” that should remind the Hebrew that his intellect, emotions, and decisive physical force must be at the service of God. 

The Tora does not mention whether Moshe wore any unique clothing. Perhaps the spirituality that the great teacher of the Hebrew people had attained made an external element unnecessary because Moshe was the Adon Hanevi’im, the “Lord of all the Prophets“ who had experienced the most extraordinary closeness to God. While other prophets felt God’s presence during their sleep or in a blurred vision, Moshe spoke with God Panim el panim, “face to face,” the literary image that highlights the special relationship this great leader had with the Godhead.  Ki karan or panav, the radiance of his face testified to this intimate relationship with the Creator.

Therefore, the unique clothing of the Kohanim continues an ancient tradition. Although it served to differentiate the Kohanim from the rest of the collective, perhaps its fundamental purpose was to make the Kohanim aware of their vocation. This fundamental task included representing the people during the service of the korbanot, the sacrifices. Although on the holiest day, Yom Kippur, the Kohen Gadol, had to beg forgiveness for his mistakes, he could not conclude the service without apologizing for the collective, for Am Israel.

MITSVA: TORA ORDINANCE IN THIS PARSHA

CONTAINS 4 POSITIVE MITZVOT AND 3 PROHIBITIONS

1. Exodus 27:20 Prepare the luminaries of the Menora (candelabra).
2. Exodus 27:41 Kohanim (priests) must wear special garments.
3. Exodus 28:28 The breastplate (Choshen) should not be separated from the apron (Ephod).
4. Exodus 28:32 Do not tear the apron (Ephod).
5. Exodus 29:33 Eating the flesh of the atonement offering (Chatat) and the guilt offering (Asham).
6. Exodus 30:7 Burn the incense.
7. Exodus 30:9 Do not burn incense or offer sacrifices at the Golden Altar (Mizbe’ach Hazahav).

TERUMA_EXODUS XXV:1-XXVII:19

Moshe had great difficulties with the elaboration of the Menora, the candelabra whose light was to radiate the inner enclosure, the Kodesh HaKodashim, of the Mishkan, and that centuries later would illuminate the Beit HaMikdash. This difficulty also appeared with other elements that had to be included in the Mishkan. It seems that the fundamental problem for Moshe was how God, an Infinite Being, could be contained in a limited enclosure occupying a specific area. Apparently, it was a transition. While God had manifested Himself publicly, especially in Egypt, through the ten plagues, after the revelation at Mount Sinai, he will communicate through a particular compound in the Mishkan. In the more distant future, he will project his voice from the place of the Keruvim who were on the Kaporet, the solid gold lid of the Aron HaKodesh of Yerushalayim’s Beit HaMikdash.

From the beginning, the world had been created within the canons of dialectics, one had to choose between options: good and evil, what is ethical and what is immoral. One had to choose between matter and spirituality. Or perhaps, the human being had to learn to synthesize matter with spirit, to live with apparently antagonistic elements, a task that seems logical because man contains both elements in his being.

The challenge of life can be seen as the resolution of the conflict between duty and passion, obligation and pastime, Mitsva, and the call of carnal desire. The fundamental task of the man of faith is to establish a climate of harmony between these adverse impulses. 

For the construction of the Mishkan, the contribution of precious metals was required: gold, silver, and copper; wool and leather, all with vivid colors that contrast with the idea that God is not present within a framework of opulence but, on the contrary, within an environment of simplicity. 

The donation needed to make the Mishkan forced the people to choose. Would one part with gold for a noble purpose? The contribution to the Mishkan was an instruction about the double function of things. The miser cannot part with his gold, it is his priceless treasure, but at the same time, we see that from gold, a candelabra can be made whose light symbolizes knowledge. 

The Talmud and other traditions abound with the example of the tongue, which can be a delicious delicacy from an animal. In contrast, the human tongue can edify and destroy and be used to teach or slander.

In Gan Eden, there was only one rule to obey to remember the existence of only one God, to Whom worship was due. The rule was simple: do not eat the forbidden tree’s fruit. It was perhaps hoped that the human intellect could deduce, on its own, what rules or behavior lead to social coexistence and the emotional and spiritual development of the person. The material element was not underestimated because man is composed of body and soul. The human intellect was challenged to incorporate or elevate the material component to a spiritual level. 

The first couple’s internship at Gan Eden was short-lived.  Adam and Chava were cast out to appreciate the fruit of the sweat on their brow and, through pain, to value their offspring. The Korbanot that would be offered in the Holy House had the purpose of “lekarev”, to bring man closer to God and the matter closer to spirit. By parting with an animal, by offering part of his goods for the construction of the Mishkan, the Hebrew who had come out of Egyptian slavery showed that he was mastering his desires, that he did not bow before them. 

The contribution had to be commensurate with asher yidvenu libo, “what the heart gives,” the victory of faith over the desire to accumulate possessions. Learning had an effect because even after the destruction of both buildings of the Beit HaMikdash, the various persecutions and exiles had the effect of entrenching the notion that above the material is the spiritual ingredient. What accumulated in the material order could be removed, but the spiritual element remained intact or strengthened.

MITSVA: TORA ORDINANCE IN THIS PARSHA

IT CONTAINS 2 POSITIVE MITZVOT AND 1 PROHIBITION

1. Exodus 25:8 Build the Beit HaMikdash (Holy Temple)
2. Exodus 25:15 Do not remove the rods from the Ark

97.   Exodus 25:30 Fix the bread of proposition (lechem hapanim) and the incense.

Moshé tuvo grandes dificultades con la elaboración de la Menorá, el candelabro cuya luz debía irradiar el recinto interno, el Kódesh HaKodashim, del Mishkán, y que siglos más tarde alumbraría el Beit HaMikdash. Esta dificultad se hizo presente con otros elementos que debían ser incluidos en el Mishkán. Parece que el problema fundamental para Moshé era cómo Dios, un Ser Infinito, podía ser contenido en un recinto limitado que ocupa un área específica. Aparentemente se trataba de una transición. Mientras que Dios se había manifestado de manera pública, especialmente en Egipto, a través de las diez plagas; después de la revelación en el monte Sinaí, se comunicará a través de un recinto particular en el Mishkán, y en el futuro más lejano proyectará su voz desde el lugar de los Keruvim que estaban sobre el Kapóret, la tapa de oro macizo del Arón HaKódesh del Beit HaMikdash de Yerushaláyim.

Desde un comienzo, el mundo había sido creado dentro de los cánones de la dialéctica, había que elegir entre opciones: el bien y el mal, lo que es ético y lo inmoral. Había que escoger entre materia y espiritualidad. O tal vez, el ser humano tenía que aprender a sintetizar la materia con el espíritu, a convivir con elementos aparentemente antagónicos, tarea que luce lógica, porque el hombre contiene ambos elementos en su ser. 

El reto de la vida puede ser visto como la resolución del conflicto entre el deber y la pasión, la obligación y el pasatiempo, la Mitsvá y el llamado del deseo carnal. La tarea fundamental del hombre de fe es instrumentar un clima de armonía entre estos impulsos adversos. 

Para la construcción del Mishkán se exigió el aporte de metales preciosos: oro, plata y cobre, lanas y cueros, todo ello con colores vívidos que contrastan con la idea de que Dios no se hace presente dentro de un marco de opulencia sino, por el contrario, dentro de un entorno de simpleza. 

El donativo necesario para hacer el Mishkán obligó al pueblo a hacer una elección. ¿Se desprendería del oro para un objetivo noble? Está claro que el aporte al Mishkán era una enseñanza acerca de la doble función de las cosas. El avaro no puede desprenderse de su oro, es su invaluable tesoro, pero al mismo tiempo vemos que del oro se puede elaborar un candelabro que simbolice la luz del conocimiento. 

El Talmud y otras tradiciones abundan en el ejemplo de la lengua que puede ser un manjar delicioso cuando proviene de un animal, mientras que la lengua humana puede edificar y destruir, puede ser utilizada para enseñar o tal vez para calumniar.

En el Gan Eden sólo había una regla que obedecer para recordar la existencia de un solo Dios, a quien se debía adoración. La regla era muy simple: no comer del fruto del árbol prohibido. Se confió tal vez en que el intelecto humano podía deducir, por sí solo, cuáles son las reglas o el comportamiento que conduce a la convivencia social y al desarrollo emocional y espiritual de la persona. No se menospreció el elemento material, porque el hombre está compuesto de cuerpo y alma. El intelecto humano tenía el reto de incorporar o elevar el componente material a un nivel espiritual. 

La pasantía de la primera pareja en el Gan Eden fue de corta duración. Adam y Javá fueron expulsados para que apreciaran el fruto del sudor de su frente y a través del dolor valoraran su descendencia. Los Korbanot que serían ofrendados en la Casa Sagrada tenían el propósito de “lekarev”, acercar el hombre a Dios, aproximar la materia al espíritu. Al desprenderse de un animal, al ofrecer parte de sus bienes para la construcción del Mishkán, el hebreo que había salido de la esclavitud egipcia demostró que estaba dominando sus deseos, que no se inclinaba ante ellos. 

El aporte tenía que ser acorde con asher yidvenu libó, “lo que el corazón entregue”, la victoria de la fe sobre el deseo de la acumulación de posesiones. El aprendizaje tuvo efecto, porque incluso después de la destrucción de ambas edificaciones del Beit HaMikdash, las diversas persecuciones y exilios tuvieron el efecto de afianzarla noción de que por encima de lo material está el ingrediente espiritual; lo que había sido acumulado en el orden material podía ser arrebatado, pero quedaba intacto o tal vez fortalecido el elemento espiritual.

MITSVÁ: ORDENANZA DE LA TORÁ EN ESTA PARASHÁ

CONTIENE 2 MITSVOT POSITIVAS Y 1 PROHIBICIÓN

1. Éxodo 25:8 Construir el Beit HaMikdash (Templo Sagrado)
2. Éxodo 25:15 No quitar las varas del Arca

97 Éxodo 25:30 Arreglar el pan de la proposición (léjem hapanim) y el incienso